History of shoes
The oldest known leather shoe, about 5500 years old, found in Armenia.
The earliest known shoes are sandals dating from approximately 7,000 or 8,000 B.C., found in the Fort Rock Cave in the US state of Oregon. in 1938.
The world's oldest leather shoe, made from a single piece of
cowhide laced with a leather cord along seams at the front and back, was found
in a cave in Armenia in 2008 and is believed to date to
3,500 B.C. Ötzi the Iceman's shoes, dating to 3,300 BC, featured brown bearskin
bases, deerskin side panels, and a bark-string net, which pulled tight around
the foot. However, it is estimated that shoes may have been used long before
this, but it is difficult to find evidence of the earliest footwear due to the
highly perishable nature of early shoes. By studying the bones of the smaller
toes (as opposed to the big toe), it was observed that their thickness
decreased approximately 40,000 to 26,000 years ago. This led archaeologists to deduce that wearing shoes resulted in less bone
growth, resulting in shorter, thinner toes. These earliest designs were very
simple in design, often mere "foot bags" of leather to protect the
feet from rocks, debris, and cold. They were more commonly found in colder
climates.
Many early natives in North America wore a similar type of footwear known as the moccasin. These are tight-fitting, soft-soled shoes typically
made out of leather or bison hides. Many
moccasins were also decorated with various beads and other adornments.
Moccasins were not designed to get wet, and in wet weather and warm summer
months, most Native Americans went barefoot.
As civilizations began to develop, thong sandals (the precursors of
the modern flip-flop) were worn. This practice dates
back to pictures of them in ancient Egyptian murals from 4,000 B.C. One pair found in Europe was made of
papyrus leaves and dated to be approximately 1,500 years old. They were also
worn in Jerusalem during the time of Jesus Christ. Thong sandals were worn by many civilizations and
made from a wide variety of materials. Ancient Egyptian sandals were made from
papyrus and palm leaves. The Masai of Africa made them
out of rawhide. In India, they were
made from wood. In China and Japan, rice straw was used.
The leaves of the sisal plant were used to make twine for sandals
in South America, while the natives of Mexico used the Yucca plant.
While thong sandals were commonly
worn, many people in ancient times, such as the Egyptians, Hindu and Greeks, saw little need for footwear, and most of the time,
preferred being barefoot. The Egyptians and Hindus made some
use of ornamental footwear, such as a soleless sandal known as a
"Cleopatra", which did not provide any practical protection for the
foot. The ancient Greeks largely viewed footwear as self-indulgent, unaesthetic
and unnecessary. Shoes were primarily worn in the theater, as a means of
increasing stature, and many preferred to go barefoot. Athletes in the Ancient Olympic Games participated barefoot – and naked.
Even the gods and heroes were primarily depicted
barefoot, and the hoplite warriors fought battles in bare
feet and Alexander the Great conquered his vast empire with
barefoot armies. The runners of Ancient Greece are also believed to have run barefoot. Pheidippides, the first marathoner, ran from Athens to Sparta in less
than 36 hours. After the Battle of Marathon, he ran straight from the
battlefield to Athens to inform the Athenians of the news.
The Romans, who eventually conquered the Greeks, and adopted
many aspects of their culture, did not adopt the Greek perception of footwear
and clothing. Roman
clothing was seen as
a sign of power, and footwear was seen as a necessity of living in a civilized
world, although the slaves and paupers usually went barefoot. There are many
references to shoes being worn in the Bible. During
weddings of this period, a father would give his son-in-law a pair of shoes, to
symbolize the transfer of authority. Slaves were also commonly barefoot, and shoes were
considered badges of freedom since biblical times:
A common casual shoe in the Pyrenees during the Middle Ages are espadrilles. These are sandals with braided jute soles and a
fabric upper portion, and often includes fabric laces that tie around the
ankle. The term is French and comes from the esparto grass. The shoes originate in the Catalonian region of Spain as early as
the 13th century, and were commonly worn by peasants in the farming communities in the area.[9]
Dutch pattens, ca. 1465. Excavated
from the archeological site of Walraversijde, near Ostend, Belgium
By the 15th Century, pattens became popular by both men and women in Europe. These are
commonly seen as the predecessor of the modern high-heeled shoe, while the poor and lower classes in Europe, as well
as slaves in the New World, were barefoot. In the 15th century, the Crakow was fashionable in Europe. This style
of shoe is named because it is thought to have originated in Kraków, the capitol of Poland. The style
is characterized by the point of the shoe, known as the "polaine",
which often was supported by a whalebone tied to the
knee to prevent the point getting in the way while walking. Also during the
15th century, chopines were created in Turkey, and were
usually 7-8 inches (17.7-20.3 cm) high. These shoes became popular in
Venice and throughout Europe, as a status symbol revealing wealth and social standing. During the 16th
century, royalty started wearing high-heeled shoes to make them look taller or
larger than life, such as Catherine de Medici or Mary I of England. By 1580, even men wore them, and a person with
authority or wealth was often referred to as, "well-heeled".
Many medieval shoes were made using
the turnshoe method of construction, in which the upper was turned
flesh side out, and was lasted onto the sole and joined to the edge by a seam.
The shoe was then turned inside-out so that the grain was outside. Some shoes
were developed with toggled flaps or drawstrings to tighten the leather around the foot for a better
fit. The turnshoe method was replaced by the welted method around 1500.
Eventually the modern shoe, with a
sewn-on sole, was devised. Since the 17th century, most leather shoes have used
a sewn-on sole. This remains the standard for finer-quality dress shoes today.
Until around 1800, shoes were made without differentiation for the left or
right foot. Such shoes are now referred to as "straights".Only
gradually did the modern foot-specific shoe become standard.
Since the mid-20th Century, advances
in rubber, plastics, synthetic cloth, and industrial adhesives have allowed
manufacturers to create shoes that stray considerably from traditional crafting
techniques. Leather, which had been the primary material in earlier styles, has
remained standard in expensive dress shoes, but athletic shoes often have
little or no real leather. Soles, which were once laboriously hand-stitched on,
are now more often machine stitched or simply glued on. Many of these newer
materials, such as rubber and plastics, have made shoes less biodegradable. It
is estimated that most mass-produced shoes require 1000 years to degrade in a landfill. Recently some shoemakers have picked up on the issue
and are beginning to produce shoes made entirely from degradable materials, such as the Nike Considered.
In 2007, the global shoe industry
had an overall market of $107.4 billion, in terms of revenue, and is expected to grow to $122.9 billion by the end
of 2012. Shoe manufacturers in the People's
Republic of China account for
63% of production, 40.5% of global exports and 55% of industry revenue.
However, many manufacturers in Europe dominate
the higher-priced, higher value-added end of the market.
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